One- and Two-Dimensional Core-Collapse Supernova Simulations of a 15M$_{\odot}$ Progenitor Using Two-Moment Neutrino Transport and the Neutrino Leakage Scheme

Articles in Press

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 University of Mazandaran, Faculty of Basic Science

2 Mazandaran University

10.22128/ijaa.2026.3405.1253

Abstract

We investigate the evolution of a $15\,M_{\odot}$ core-collapse supernova (CCSN) to examine the impact of dimensionality and the efficiency of the neutrino leakage approximation. First, a 1D reference simulation is performed using \texttt{Flash-X} coupled to the \texttt{thornado} two-moment transport module. We compare this reference shock evolution with a series of 1D \texttt{FLASH 4.6.2} leakage simulations calibrated with varying neutrino-heating factors ($f_{\mathrm{heat}}$). A calibrated factor of $f_{\mathrm{heat}}=1.60$ minimizes trajectory errors and reproduces the reference shock dynamics without triggering an artificial 1D explosion.

This calibrated prescription is then applied to 2D \texttt{FLASH 4.6.2} simulations to study multidimensional shock dynamics at a reduced computational cost. In 2D, the model generates high-entropy buoyant plumes, increases the gain mass and advection timescale, and drives the ratio $\tau_{\mathrm{adv}}/\tau_{\mathrm{heat}}$ above unity. The absence of coherent growth in the lowest shock-deformation modes during the first $250\text{ ms}$ post-bounce indicates that shock revival is primarily driven by neutrino-driven convection rather than the standing accretion shock instability (SASI).

Our results demonstrate that while the calibrated leakage scheme captures the early 1D post-bounce shock behavior, it successfully models the subsequent convection- and turbulence-driven shock expansion in 2D. This highlights that while neutrino heating provides the energy for the explosion, multidimensional convection governs how effectively this energy is retained and converted into sustained shock revival, where 1D model fails

Keywords

Iranian Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript
Available Online from 11 October 2026

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